Spring: @Primary and @Qualifier resolve two beans of one type

Without one of them Spring cannot choose and startup fails with NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException.

Code

@Bean @Primary
PaymentGateway razorpay() { ... }

@Bean
PaymentGateway stripe() { ... }

@Service
class Checkout {
    Checkout(PaymentGateway gateway) { }                      // razorpay
    Checkout(@Qualifier("stripe") PaymentGateway gateway) { } // stripe
}

Output

Without @Primary:
NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: expected single matching bean but found 2:
razorpay,stripe

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Published 2026-08-11